역사의 맞수 2(역사 속의 살아있는 인간탐구 43)
고구려 고국원왕과 백제 근초고왕
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삼국 시대 각 국의 기틀을 다지고 전성기를 이끈
고구려와 백제의 두 왕이 평양성에서 맞붙는다
고구려의 고국원왕과 백제의 근초고왕.
이들은 6년이라는 짧지 않은 기간을 함께 하며 고구려와 백제에서 새로운 시대를 여는 시작점을 만들었다. 고국원왕은 남하 정책을 추진하며 고구려의 전성기를 열었고, 근초고왕은 선대 왕이 이루어 놓은 토대 위에서 백제의 중흥을 이끌었다. 이들이 고구려와 백제 역사상 후계 왕들로부터 칭송받고 존칭을 받은 이유이다.
이 과정에서 고구려는 남진을, 백제는 북진을 추진하였다. 이제 충돌은 피할 수 없게 되었다
평양성 전투는 한국고대사에서 일어난 최초의 북진과 남진의 충돌이었다. 고구려왕과 백제왕이 직접 전장戰場에서 맞붙은 처음이자 마지막 전투였다.
맞수의 대결은 고국원왕이 백제군의 화살에 맞아 전사함으로써 근초고왕의 승리로 끝났다. 그 결과 고구려의 남진에 제동이 걸리면서 백제는 고구려와 힘의 균형을 이루었다. 이후 두 나라는 한반도에서 진행되는 역학 관계의 중심축이 되었다.
맞수의 대결과 그 결과는 당시뿐만 아니라 그 이후의 역사 전개 과정에 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 백제는 한반도에서의 힘을 증명하고 해외로 영향력을 펼쳐 나갔다. 고구려에게 고국원왕의 전사는 위기였지만 소수림왕은 이 위기를 극복하고 체제를 정비하였다. 맞수의 시작과, 대결, 그리고 그 결과를 다룬 이 책은 4세기 전·후반의 고구려사와 백제사를 이해하는데 조그마한 디딤돌의 역할을 할 수 있을 것이다.
고구려와 백제의 두 왕이 평양성에서 맞붙는다
고구려의 고국원왕과 백제의 근초고왕.
이들은 6년이라는 짧지 않은 기간을 함께 하며 고구려와 백제에서 새로운 시대를 여는 시작점을 만들었다. 고국원왕은 남하 정책을 추진하며 고구려의 전성기를 열었고, 근초고왕은 선대 왕이 이루어 놓은 토대 위에서 백제의 중흥을 이끌었다. 이들이 고구려와 백제 역사상 후계 왕들로부터 칭송받고 존칭을 받은 이유이다.
이 과정에서 고구려는 남진을, 백제는 북진을 추진하였다. 이제 충돌은 피할 수 없게 되었다
평양성 전투는 한국고대사에서 일어난 최초의 북진과 남진의 충돌이었다. 고구려왕과 백제왕이 직접 전장戰場에서 맞붙은 처음이자 마지막 전투였다.
맞수의 대결은 고국원왕이 백제군의 화살에 맞아 전사함으로써 근초고왕의 승리로 끝났다. 그 결과 고구려의 남진에 제동이 걸리면서 백제는 고구려와 힘의 균형을 이루었다. 이후 두 나라는 한반도에서 진행되는 역학 관계의 중심축이 되었다.
맞수의 대결과 그 결과는 당시뿐만 아니라 그 이후의 역사 전개 과정에 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 백제는 한반도에서의 힘을 증명하고 해외로 영향력을 펼쳐 나갔다. 고구려에게 고국원왕의 전사는 위기였지만 소수림왕은 이 위기를 극복하고 체제를 정비하였다. 맞수의 시작과, 대결, 그리고 그 결과를 다룬 이 책은 4세기 전·후반의 고구려사와 백제사를 이해하는데 조그마한 디딤돌의 역할을 할 수 있을 것이다.
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제1부 맞수의 앞 시대 ······························································· 13
Ⅰ. 고구려 미천왕 ······································································· 15
1. 즉위 과정 ··········································································· 15
2. 왕권 중심의 정치 운영 ······················································ 22
3. 정복 활동: 서안평 점령과 낙랑군·대방군 병합 ··············· 25
4. 대외관계 ············································································· 28
Ⅱ. 백제 비류왕 ··········································································· 35
1. 출계와 나이 문제 ······························································· 35
2. 즉위 과정 ··········································································· 37
3. 정치적 기반의 확대와 부체제의 해체 ······························ 40
4. 군사권 장악과 영역 확대 ·················································· 45
5. 벽골지 축조와 경제 기반의 확대 ····································· 47
6. 백제국이라는 이름으로 중국과 교섭 ································ 49
제2부 맞수의 등장 ······································································ 53
Ⅰ. 고구려 고국원왕 ···································································· 55
1. 국가 운영의 기본 방향 ······················································ 55
2. 체제 정비 ··········································································· 60
3. '태왕호'와 '연수' 연호의 사용과 독자적 천하관 ············· 69
4. 의관제의 정비 ···································································· 78
5. 인재 등용: 동수 등 중국계 인물의 등용 ······················· 81
6. 정치 운영과 귀족합좌제 ···················································· 84
Ⅱ. 백제 근초고왕 ······································································· 87
1. 부여씨의 왕위 계승권 확립 ·············································· 87
2. 중앙과 지방 통치조직의 정비 ········································· 92
3. 유교 정치이념의 확산과 역사서 편찬 ···························· 102
4. 율령의 반포와 시행 ························································· 104
5. 의관제의 정비: 금동관과 관 장식 ·································· 108
6. 인재 등용: 박사 고흥과 박사 왕인 ······························· 111
7. 정치운영과 대신회의 ······················································· 114
제3부 맞수의 대결 ···································································· 117
Ⅰ. 고국원왕의 서진 좌절과 남진 정책 ··································· 119
1. 고구려의 전연에 대한 대비 ············································· 119
2. 전연의 공격과 고구려의 승리 ······································· 126
3. 서진의 좌절과 남진 추구 ················································ 138
Ⅱ. 근초고왕의 남방 경략과 북진 추구 ··································· 150
1. 남방 경략의 주체와 시기 ················································ 150
2. 신라와의 관계: 약위형제 관계 ········································ 152
3. 가야제국과의 관계: 부형-자제 관계 ······························· 153
4. 영산강 유역 신미국 세력의 병합과 북진 추구 ·············· 155
Ⅲ. 평양성 전투 ········································································· 162
1. 치양 전투: 1차 전초전 ···················································· 162
2. 패하 전투: 2차 전초전 ···················································· 170
3. 평양성 전투와 고국원왕의 전사 ····································· 173
Ⅳ. 맞수의 능묘 ········································································· 179
1. 고국원왕릉: 천추총 ·························································· 179
2. 근초고왕릉: 석촌동 3호분 ··············································· 185
제4부 맞수의 대결 이후 ··························································· 191
Ⅰ. 다시 체제를 정비한 고구려 소수림왕 ······························· 193
1. 즉위와 별칭 소해주류왕 ················································ 193
2. 체제 정비 ········································································· 196
3. 대외 교섭과 교류 ····························································· 204
4. 소수림에 묻힌 소수림왕 ·················································· 208
Ⅱ. 전성기를 구가한 백제 근초고왕 ········································ 209
1. 고구려에 대한 대비 ························································· 209
2. 국제적 위상의 고양 ························································· 213
3. 독자적 천하관 표방 ························································· 219
Ⅲ. 수성의 군주, 백제 근구수왕 ··············································· 222
1. 진씨왕비 ··········································································· 222
2. 국정운영의 기본 방향 ······················································ 224
3. 삼교포함 사상 ································································ 225
4. 동진 및 16국과의 관계 ··················································· 228
5. 아름답지 못한 최후 ························································· 230
Ⅳ. 다시 불붙은 공방전 ···························································· 232
1. 수곡성을 둘러싼 공방전 ·················································· 232
2. 백제 북쪽 경계에서의 전투 ············································· 233
3. 제2차 평양성 공방 ··························································· 234
4. 소강상태 ··········································································· 236
맺는 글: 평양성과 평양성 전투의 역사적 의미 ······················ 239
1. 평양성에 대한 인식 ························································· 239
2. 고구려의 부도 평양성 ······················································ 240
3. 평양성 전투의 역사적 의미 ············································· 245
4. '일통삼한' 의식과 평양 ··················································· 248
후주 254
찾아보기 296
Ⅰ. 고구려 미천왕 ······································································· 15
1. 즉위 과정 ··········································································· 15
2. 왕권 중심의 정치 운영 ······················································ 22
3. 정복 활동: 서안평 점령과 낙랑군·대방군 병합 ··············· 25
4. 대외관계 ············································································· 28
Ⅱ. 백제 비류왕 ··········································································· 35
1. 출계와 나이 문제 ······························································· 35
2. 즉위 과정 ··········································································· 37
3. 정치적 기반의 확대와 부체제의 해체 ······························ 40
4. 군사권 장악과 영역 확대 ·················································· 45
5. 벽골지 축조와 경제 기반의 확대 ····································· 47
6. 백제국이라는 이름으로 중국과 교섭 ································ 49
제2부 맞수의 등장 ······································································ 53
Ⅰ. 고구려 고국원왕 ···································································· 55
1. 국가 운영의 기본 방향 ······················································ 55
2. 체제 정비 ··········································································· 60
3. '태왕호'와 '연수' 연호의 사용과 독자적 천하관 ············· 69
4. 의관제의 정비 ···································································· 78
5. 인재 등용: 동수 등 중국계 인물의 등용 ······················· 81
6. 정치 운영과 귀족합좌제 ···················································· 84
Ⅱ. 백제 근초고왕 ······································································· 87
1. 부여씨의 왕위 계승권 확립 ·············································· 87
2. 중앙과 지방 통치조직의 정비 ········································· 92
3. 유교 정치이념의 확산과 역사서 편찬 ···························· 102
4. 율령의 반포와 시행 ························································· 104
5. 의관제의 정비: 금동관과 관 장식 ·································· 108
6. 인재 등용: 박사 고흥과 박사 왕인 ······························· 111
7. 정치운영과 대신회의 ······················································· 114
제3부 맞수의 대결 ···································································· 117
Ⅰ. 고국원왕의 서진 좌절과 남진 정책 ··································· 119
1. 고구려의 전연에 대한 대비 ············································· 119
2. 전연의 공격과 고구려의 승리 ······································· 126
3. 서진의 좌절과 남진 추구 ················································ 138
Ⅱ. 근초고왕의 남방 경략과 북진 추구 ··································· 150
1. 남방 경략의 주체와 시기 ················································ 150
2. 신라와의 관계: 약위형제 관계 ········································ 152
3. 가야제국과의 관계: 부형-자제 관계 ······························· 153
4. 영산강 유역 신미국 세력의 병합과 북진 추구 ·············· 155
Ⅲ. 평양성 전투 ········································································· 162
1. 치양 전투: 1차 전초전 ···················································· 162
2. 패하 전투: 2차 전초전 ···················································· 170
3. 평양성 전투와 고국원왕의 전사 ····································· 173
Ⅳ. 맞수의 능묘 ········································································· 179
1. 고국원왕릉: 천추총 ·························································· 179
2. 근초고왕릉: 석촌동 3호분 ··············································· 185
제4부 맞수의 대결 이후 ··························································· 191
Ⅰ. 다시 체제를 정비한 고구려 소수림왕 ······························· 193
1. 즉위와 별칭 소해주류왕 ················································ 193
2. 체제 정비 ········································································· 196
3. 대외 교섭과 교류 ····························································· 204
4. 소수림에 묻힌 소수림왕 ·················································· 208
Ⅱ. 전성기를 구가한 백제 근초고왕 ········································ 209
1. 고구려에 대한 대비 ························································· 209
2. 국제적 위상의 고양 ························································· 213
3. 독자적 천하관 표방 ························································· 219
Ⅲ. 수성의 군주, 백제 근구수왕 ··············································· 222
1. 진씨왕비 ··········································································· 222
2. 국정운영의 기본 방향 ······················································ 224
3. 삼교포함 사상 ································································ 225
4. 동진 및 16국과의 관계 ··················································· 228
5. 아름답지 못한 최후 ························································· 230
Ⅳ. 다시 불붙은 공방전 ···························································· 232
1. 수곡성을 둘러싼 공방전 ·················································· 232
2. 백제 북쪽 경계에서의 전투 ············································· 233
3. 제2차 평양성 공방 ··························································· 234
4. 소강상태 ··········································································· 236
맺는 글: 평양성과 평양성 전투의 역사적 의미 ······················ 239
1. 평양성에 대한 인식 ························································· 239
2. 고구려의 부도 평양성 ······················································ 240
3. 평양성 전투의 역사적 의미 ············································· 245
4. '일통삼한' 의식과 평양 ··················································· 248
후주 254
찾아보기 296
저자
저자
노중국
(盧重國)
경북 울진에서 태어나 계명대학교 사학과를 졸업하고, 서울대학교 대학원 국사학과에서 문학석사, 문학박사 학위를 받았다. 1979년 계명대학교 사학과에 부임하여 전임강사·조교수·부교수·정교수를 거쳐 인문대학장을 역임하고, 2014년 8월 정년 퇴임하였다. 현재 계명대학교 사학과 명예교수이다. 한국고대사학회 1~4대 회장, 백제학회 회장, 대구사학회 회장, 문화재위원회 사적분과위원장, 한성백제박물관건립추진단 전시기획실무위원회 위원장, 백제역사유적지구 세계유산등재추진위원회 위원장, 백제문화사대계(25권) 편집위원장, 신라 천년의 역사와 문화(30권) 편집위원장, 경상북도 목판사업자문위원회 위원장을 지냈다. 현재 국가유산청 역사문화권정비위원회 위원장을 맡고 있다.
저서로 《백제정치사연구》(1988), 《백제부흥운동사》(2003), 《백제사회사상사》(2010), 《백제의 대외 교섭과 교류》(2012), 《백제정치사》(2018), 《역사의 맞수: 백제 성왕과 신라 진흥왕》(2020), 《백제의 정치제도와 운영》(2022), 《한국고대의 수전 농업과 수리시설》(공저, 2010), 《(개정증보) 역주 삼국사기 1~5》(공역주, 2012), 《금석문으로 백제를 읽다》(공저, 2014), 《한류 열풍의 진앙지 일본 가와치》(공저, 2016), 《목간으로 백제를 읽다》(공저, 2020) 등이 있다.
경북 울진에서 태어나 계명대학교 사학과를 졸업하고, 서울대학교 대학원 국사학과에서 문학석사, 문학박사 학위를 받았다. 1979년 계명대학교 사학과에 부임하여 전임강사·조교수·부교수·정교수를 거쳐 인문대학장을 역임하고, 2014년 8월 정년 퇴임하였다. 현재 계명대학교 사학과 명예교수이다. 한국고대사학회 1~4대 회장, 백제학회 회장, 대구사학회 회장, 문화재위원회 사적분과위원장, 한성백제박물관건립추진단 전시기획실무위원회 위원장, 백제역사유적지구 세계유산등재추진위원회 위원장, 백제문화사대계(25권) 편집위원장, 신라 천년의 역사와 문화(30권) 편집위원장, 경상북도 목판사업자문위원회 위원장을 지냈다. 현재 국가유산청 역사문화권정비위원회 위원장을 맡고 있다.
저서로 《백제정치사연구》(1988), 《백제부흥운동사》(2003), 《백제사회사상사》(2010), 《백제의 대외 교섭과 교류》(2012), 《백제정치사》(2018), 《역사의 맞수: 백제 성왕과 신라 진흥왕》(2020), 《백제의 정치제도와 운영》(2022), 《한국고대의 수전 농업과 수리시설》(공저, 2010), 《(개정증보) 역주 삼국사기 1~5》(공역주, 2012), 《금석문으로 백제를 읽다》(공저, 2014), 《한류 열풍의 진앙지 일본 가와치》(공저, 2016), 《목간으로 백제를 읽다》(공저, 2020) 등이 있다.
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