프랑스어 이야기(품격있는)

우리가 『품격 있는 프랑스어 이야기』라는 제목을 붙인 이 책의 원제는 부제에 있는 Comment on parle en fran?ais이다. 원서는 1927년에 라루스(Larousse) 출판사에서 발간되었고, "문학어와 일상어(친숙어)와 비교해서 살펴본 올바른 구어"라는 부제가 붙어 있다. 저자인 필립 마르티농(Philippe Martinon)은 1859년에 태어나서 문학박사학위(docteur ?s lettres)를 취득했으며 여러 저술을 내놓았다.

어느 나라에나 그 나라를 대표하는 권위 있는 문법책이 여러 개 있기 마련이다. 프랑스의 경우에도 이런 문법책이 여러 개 존재하는데 이중 가장 권위 있는 문법책은 Maurice Grevisse의 Le bon usage일 것이다.

본서 Comment on parle en fran?ais는 기존 문법책들과는 다른 특징을 지니고 있다. 다른 문법책들이 많은 예문들을 통하여 단순히 기술(description)하고 있다는 공통점이 있다면, 이 책에서는 언어 현상을 취사선택하여 단순히 기술하는 데 그치는 것이 아니라 그 현상의 원인을 설명(explication)하려고 한다는 특징을 갖고 있다. 본서가 기존 문법책들과 차별성을 보이는 또 다른 특징은 문법서로서 언어의 규범을 기술하기보다는 당시에 통용되던 언어현상을 객관적으로 기술하겠다는 자세를 견지하고 있다는 점이다. 말하자면, 객관성을 지향하는 오늘날의 언어학적 접근방식을 추구하고 있다는 것이다.

제1장 명사·························································································· 17

1. 성과 수················································································· 17

사람과 동물을 가리키는 (남성과 여성의) 형태가 같은 명사들··························· 17

Gent과 gens, personnes와 personne···························································· 21

두 개의 성을 갖고 있는, 사물을 가리키는 명사들········································ 24

몇 가지 복수형에 대하여······································································· 31

2. 명사의 보어·········································································· 34

제2장 관사························································································· 37

1. 관사의 성질과 용법······························································· 37

2. 관사의 생략·········································································· 44

3. 관사와 고유명사 ·································································· 51

4. 부분관사 ············································································· 60

제3장 품질형용사··············································································· 67

1. 성과 수················································································· 67

2. 부가형용사의 위치································································· 70

3. 형용사의 일치······································································· 80

4. 형용사를 대체하는 단어들····················································· 84

5. 비교급·················································································· 88

제4장 한정형용사와 한정대명사······················································· 101

1. 지시형용사와 지시대명사························································ 101

지시형용사와 대명사의 남성형과 여성형에 대하여 - Celui의 용법···················· 101

중성 지시대명사 (ce, ceci, cela, ?a)에 대하여················································ 107

C'est의 용법과 Est-ce que······································································ 112

지시사 m?me와 tel················································································ 124

2. 소유형용사와 소유대명사······················································· 131

일반적 주의사항·················································································· 131

소유형용사 용법의 확장········································································ 138

신체의 일부분에서 소유형용사의 제거······················································· 142

3. 부정형용사와 부정대명사······················································· 148

Un, quelqu'un - quelque, aucun, chacun - chaque············································ 148

형용사 autre와 autrui에 대하여································································ 155

형용사 tout에 대하여············································································ 162

4. 수형용사··············································································· 174

기수형용사와 기수명사·········································································· 176

서수형용사························································································ 185

제5장 관계대명사와 의문대명사························································ 193

1. 주어, 속사 혹은 직접보어 관계대명사: qui와 que ··················· 193

2. 간접 관계대명사 dont···························································· 199

3. 간접 관계대명사 quoi와 lequel··············································· 204

4. 관계대명사와 선행사의 관계·················································· 208

5. 관계절의 통사관계································································ 213

6. 의문대명사············································································ 220

제6장 인칭대명사··············································································· 229

1. 주어 인칭대명사: 중성 il과 on··············································· 229

2. 주어 인칭대명사의 생략························································· 235

3. 주어 인칭대명사의 도치························································· 239

의문문에서························································································ 240

의문문 이외의 경우·············································································· 243

4. 직접보어 인칭대명사······························································ 247

5. 중성대명사와 속사대명사로 쓰인 le ······································ 251

6. 사람을 지칭하는 간접보어 인칭대명사···································· 256

7. 사물을 지칭하는 간접보어 인칭대명사···································· 262

대명사 en·························································································· 263

대명사 y··························································································· 266

8. 재귀대명사 se와 soi······························································ 271

9. 몇 가지 일반적 주의사항······················································· 276

제7장 동사························································································· 283

1. 동사 인칭변화에 대한 몇 가지 주의사항································· 283

2. 동사의 일치에 대하여···························································· 288

주어가 하나인 경우·············································································· 289

주어가 여러 개인 경우·········································································· 294

3. 동사의 보어에 대하여···························································· 299

4. 직설법 시제의 용법······························································· 303

현재································································································ 305

반과거······························································································ 309

단순과거와 복합과거············································································ 312

전과거와 대과거·················································································· 315

미래와 전미래···················································································· 318

5. 조건법의 용법 ······································································ 321

미래의 반과거 그리고 고유한 의미의 조건법··············································· 321

주절에서의 조건법··············································································· 323

조건절에서의 조건법············································································ 325

양보의 조건법···················································································· 328

조건이 없는 조건법·············································································· 330

14 품격 있는 프랑스어 이야기

6. 명령법의 용법······································································· 333

7. 접속법의 용법······································································· 337

접속법의 성격···················································································· 337

시제 일치 규칙들················································································ 339

접속법의 몇 가지 형태가 갖는 고전적 특성················································· 341

8. 종속절에서의 직설법과 접속법··············································· 344

관계절에서························································································ 345

Que로 시작되는 보어절에서···································································· 349

원인, 효과와 의도를 나타내는 절에서························································ 359

시간 상황절에서·················································································· 365

비교절에서························································································ 368

양보절 (혹은 제한절)에서······································································ 371

조건절에서························································································ 376

9. 부정법의 용법······································································· 384

부정법 주어 혹은 부정법 속사································································ 385

부정법 직접보어·················································································· 388

부정법 간접보어 ················································································ 393

부정법절··························································································· 402

10. 분사의 용법········································································ 412

현재분사··························································································· 413

절대분사구문····················································································· 420

과거분사··························································································· 422

제8장 부사························································································· 433

1. 일반적 주의사항···································································· 433

2. 장 소 부 사············································································· 436

3. 시간 부사············································································· 440

4. 양태 부사············································································· 442

5. 양의 부사············································································· 448

Combien, comme, que············································································ 448

Beaucoup, bien, plus, davantage, trop·························································· 450

Peu, gu?re, moins················································································· 458

Autant, tant, tellement, aussi, si ································································· 464

6. 부정····················································································· 470

부정어 non의 용법··············································································· 470

일반적 부정어: ne... pas, ne... point 그리고 ne... plus········································ 476

단독으로 사용되는 부정어 ne·································································· 481

Jamais, rien, personne, aucun (그리고 nul)의 부정의 용법································· 489

부정의 생략 : 부정어 rien ······································································ 496

부정의 등위: ne와 ni의 경우··································································· 501

허사로서의 부정 ················································································· 505

7. 전치사에 관한 보충설명························································· 511

De와 ?, dans과 en, avant과 devant, pr?s de와 aupr?s de, parmi, durant, jusque,

voici와 oil?······················································································· 513

Par Ph. Martinon