사회과학 연구방법론(개정판 3판)(양장본 Hardcover)

제1부 사회과학 연구방법의 개요
제1장 사회현상의 과학적 연구 ·················································································· 3
■ 사회현상과 과학적 연구 ················································································ 3
가. 사회현상 연구의 의미 _ 3
나. 사회현상의 과학적 연구에서 인과적 설명 _ 6
다. 과학적 지식과 상식적 지식 _ 7
■ 사회과학 연구방법의 특징 ··········································································· 10
가. 방법론적 일원론과 이원론 _ 10
나. 사회과학 연구의 핵심요소 _ 14
■ 사회과학 연구방법의 다양한 구분 ·························································· 16
가. 사례기술적 및 법칙정립적 방법 _ 16
나. 양적 연구방법과 질적 연구방법 _ 17
다. 연역적 및 귀납적 방법 _ 18
■ 사회과학 연구방법과 학문적 글쓰기 ························································ 21

제2장 사회과학 연구를 하기 전에 알아야 할 것 ···················································· 20
■ 사회과학과 인과성 ······················································································ 22
가. 사회과학에서 인과론적 설명의 특징 _ 22
나. 사회과학에서 인과성의 기준 _ 25
다. 통제의 중요성 _ 29
■ 양적 연구방법과 질적 연구방법 ································································ 31
가. 연구방법론의 일반적 구분 _ 31
나. 사회현상의 특성과 연구방법 _ 31
■ 사회과학 연구의 진행 ·················································································· 33
■ 연구설계 ··········································································································· 37
가. 연구설계의 의미와 내용 _ 37
나. 연구설계에서 자료 수집 방법 선택의 기준 _ 38
다. 대표성을 기준으로 한 자료 수집 방법의 비교 _ 40
라. 연구설계에서 양화(측정 수준)의 의미와 중요성 _ 40
■ 다양한 자료 수집 방법의 개관 ································································· 43
가. 서베이 방법_ 43
나. 실험법 _45
다. 참여관찰과 심층 면접 _ 47

제3장 연구에서 지켜야 할 윤리 ············································································· 50
■ 연구와 윤리 ···································································································· 50
가. 연구에서 윤리 문제의 중요성 _ 50
나. 연구윤리의 의미 _ 52
■ 연구 대상자와 관련한 윤리 ········································································ 54
가. 연구 대상자의 동의 문제 _54
나. 연구 대상자의 사생활 침해 등 인권 보장 문제 _ 58
다. 연구 대상자의 안전과 복지 보장 문제 _ 60
■ 연구 단계별 고려해야 할 연구윤리 ························································· 62
가. 연구주제 선정 단계에서 고려해야 할 연구윤리 _ 62
나. 자료수집 단계에서 고려해야 할 연구윤리 _ 64
다. 자료 분석 단계에서 고려해야 할 연구윤리 _ 65
라. 결과 발표 단계에서 고려해야 할 연구윤리 _ 67
■ 인공지능 자료를 활용한 경우의 연구윤리 ············································· 69
■ IRB와 연구윤리 승인 ····················································································· 70
가. IRB에 대한 이해 _ 70
나. IRB에서의 연구윤리 심의 처리 절차 _ 72



제2부 사회과학 연구의 실제
제4장 사회과학 연구를 위한 기초 지식 ································································· 80
■ 개념과 가설 ···································································································· 80
가. 개념화와 개념 _ 80
나. 개념의 물화: 실제로 있는 것의 측정 _ 82
다. 가설 _ 83
■ 변수 ··················································································································· 84
가. 변수의 의미 _ 84
나. 변수의 종류 _ 85
다. 변수 간의 관계: 상관관계 및 인과관계 _ 88
■ 변수의 측정 수준과 통계 기법 ·································································· 91
가. 변수의 속성과 측정 _ 91
나. 측정의 분류와 특징 _ 92
다. 변수의 측정 수준과 통계의 측정 수준 _ 94
■ 연구 대상 관련 고려 사항 ·········································································· 95
가. 분석단위의 문제 _ 95
나. 대표성의 문제: 모집단과 표본 선택 _ 98

제5장 연구주제 정하기 ························································································· 100
■ 연구주제의 선정 ··························································································· 100
가. 연구주제 선정의 어려움 _ 100
나. 연구주제 선정의 과정 _ 101
■ 연구주제 선정 시 독서의 의미 ································································ 106
가. 탐색적 목적의 독서 _ 107
나. 연구자의 새로운 주장을 뒷받침하기 위한 독서 _ 108
■ 새로운 연구주제를 찾기 위한 논리 ························································· 111
가. 기존 이론의 한계를 보완하여 새로운 연구주제 개발하기 _ 113
나. 하위범주에 따라서 달라지는 효과를 찾아 새로운 연구주제 만들기 _ 114
다. 이론의 외연을 확장하여 새로운 연구주제 만들기 _ 116
라. 이론의 적용 범위를 축소하여 새로운 연구주제 만들기 _ 118
마. 기존 이론의 설명요인을 혼합하여 새로운 연구주제 만들기 _ 120
바. 새로운 연구 방법 적용이나 연구 대상 변경하기 _ 121
사. 기존 연구 재검증하기 _ 122
■ 연구주제 설정의 실제 ················································································· 122
가. 연구주제의 범위 정하기 _ 122
나. 막연한 생각을 글로 표현해 보기 _123
다. 다양한 질문 던지기 _ 124
라. 아우트라인 만들기 _ 125
마. 연구주제의 일관성 유지하기 _ 127
바. 오랜 휴식 기간을 거치고 다시 논문을 써야 할 때 _ 127

제6장 선행 연구 고찰과 연구모형 및 가설 정하기 ·············································· 129
■ 선행 연구 고찰 ····························································································· 129
■ 연구모형의 구성 ··························································································· 134
가. 연구모형이란? _ 134
나. 연구모형의 의미 _ 136
다. 연구모형의 내용과 구성 단계 _ 136
라. 연구모형이 가지는 의의 _ 144
■ 가설의 설정 ··································································································· 144
가. 가설이란 _145
나. 인과적 가설이 성립되기 위한 조건 _ 146
다. 가설의 평가 기준 _ 146
라. 가설이 갖추어야 할 요건 _ 147

제7장 양화 과정: 조작화 과정, 지수와 척도 ························································· 150
■ 조작화 과정 ···································································································· 151
가. 가설의 단계 _ 151
나. 조작적 정의와 세분화 _ 152
다. 차원과 지표 _ 155
라. 조작적 정의에서 유의해야 할 사항 _ 161
■ 측정도구의 신뢰도와 타당도 ···································································· 163
가. 신뢰도 _ 163
나. 타당도 _ 165
■ 지수와 척도 ··································································································· 168
가. 지수와 척도의 의미 _ 169
나. 지수와 척도의 공통점과 차이점 _ 170
다. 척도의 종류 _ 171

제8장 질문지 작성하기 ·························································································· 176
■ 질문지의 구성 요소 ····················································································· 176
가. 질문지 안내 _ 177
나. 문항 _ 180
■ 문항의 구성 ··································································································· 182
가. 문항의 내용 명료화를 위한 유의점 _ 182
나. 문항의 종류 _ 188
다. 문항의 형식과 관련한 권장 사항 _ 195
라. 문항의 배치와 관련한 권장 사항 _ 199
■ 질문지 작성에서 기존 질문지 활용하기 ················································ 201
가. 기존 질문지 파악하기 _ 201
나. 기존 질문지 활용 시 유의 사항 _ 202
■ 질문지의 오류를 수정하여 완성하기 ····················································· 204
가. 전문가 자문을 통한 질문지 수정하기 _ 205
나. 예비 조사를 통한 질문지 수정하기 _ 205

제9장 표본 조사와 표집 방법 ··············································································· 207
■ 표본 조사에 대한 이해 ·············································································· 207
가. 표본 조사 관련 기본 개념 _207
나. 표본 조사의 의미와 이유 _ 211
다. 표본 조사의 이론적 근거: 추리통계학의 원리 _ 212
■ 표본의 대표성 문제 ····················································································· 213
가. 대표성의 의미 _ 213
나. 대표성이 중요한 이유 _ 214
■ 표본추출 방법의 이해 ················································································· 216
가. 확률 표집 방법 _ 217
나. 비확률 표집 방법 _ 221
■ 연구 수행에서 표집의 실제와 문제점 ··················································· 224
가. 표집 절차와 고려 사항 _ 224
나. 표집 과정에서 표집오차와 비표집오차 고려하기 _ 226
다. 표본추출에서 이론과 현실의 차이 고려하기 _ 227

제10장 서베이 연구에서 자료수집 ······································································· 233
■ 자료의 의미와 종류 ···················································································· 233
가. 자료의 의미 _233
나. 1차 자료와 2차 자료 _ 234
다. 횡단 연구 자료와 종단 연구 자료 _ 235
■ 자료를 직접 수집하는 방법 ····································································· 243
가. 자기기입식 조사 방법: 우편을 활용하여 _ 243
나. 면접 조사원을 통한 조사 방법 _ 248
다. 전화를 통한 조사 방법 _ 252
라. 인터넷을 통한 조사 방법 _ 254
■ 2차 자료를 활용하는 자료수집 ······························································· 256
가. 기존 조사에서 자료를 얻는 방법 _ 256
나. 2차 자료 활용의 장단점 _ 257
다. 2차 자료 활용에서 유의할 점 _ 258
라. 2차 자료를 얻을 수 있는 연구 기관 안내 _ 259

제11장 자료의 분석과 해석 ···················································································· 261
■ 양적 자료의 분석 ························································································· 261
가. 자료 분석을 위해서 갖추어야 할 것 _ 262
나. 일반적인 자료 분석의 단계 _ 265
다. 자료 분석 시 염두에 두어야 할 사항 _ 275
■ 자료 분석의 논리: 가설검증의 원리 ······················································ 276
■ 연구 결과의 일반화 및 해석 ···································································· 278
가. 일반화에서 대표성의 중요성 _ 278
나. 연구 결과 해석의 필요성 _ 280
다. 연구 결과 해석에 들어갈 내용 _ 281





제3부 사회과학 연구 논문(보고서)의 작성
제12장 서베이 연구를 위한 연구계획서 작성 ······················································ 287
■ 연구계획서의 의미와 구성 ········································································ 287
가. 연구계획서의 의미 _ 287
나. 연구계획서의 특징 _ 288
다. 연구계획서의 구성 _ 289
■ 연구계획서의 주요 내용 ············································································ 290
가. 연구 제목과 연구목차 _ 290
나. 예상되는 연구목차 _ 294
다. 서론: 문제의식과 연구주제 _ 294
라. 이론적 배경 _ 297
마. 연구 방법: 연구 대상, 자료수집 방법, 분석 방법 _ 301
바. 예측되는 연구 결과 _302
사. 참고문헌과 부록 _ 303
■ 학위 논문 심사와 논문 연구계획서 ······················································· 303
가. 논문 심사의 의미 _ 303
나. 논문 연구계획서 작성과 관련한 의문과 해결책 _ 304
다. 논문 심사의 진행 _ 307

제13장 논문 및 최종 보고서(리포트) 작성법 ······················································· 314
■ 논문에 대한 기본적 이해 ·········································································· 314
가. 논문은 무엇인가? _ 314
나. 논문에서는 무엇을 강조해야 하는가? _ 315
다. 논문에서 다른 사람의 글 인용하기 _ 317
■ 학위 논문의 구성과 작성 방법 ································································ 321
가. 학위 논문의 구성 _ 321
나. 학위 논문의 작성 방법 _ 323
■ 연구 보고서의 구성과 작성 방법 ··························································· 326
가. 연구 보고서 작성 시 고려 사항 _ 326
나. 연구 보고서의 구성 _ 327
다. 구체적인 연구 보고서 작성 요령 _ 328
■ 리포트의 구성과 작성 방법 ····································································· 329
가. 주제선정 시 유의할 점 _ 329
나. 리포트가 갖추어야 할 요소 _330
다. 리포트 구성과 작성 방법 _ 331




제4부 실험법
제14장 실험설계의 원리와 이해 ··········································································· 337
■ 실험설계의 의의 ·························································································· 337
가. 실험법의 기본 _ 337
나. 전형적인 실험설계 _ 338
다. 실험설계가 인과성의 기준을 충족하는 근거 _344
■ 실험 연구에서 타당도의 문제 ································································· 345
가. 내적 타당도 _ 346
나. 내적 타당도를 저해하는 요인 _ 346
다. 외적 타당도 _ 352

제15장 실험법의 실제 ··························································································· 355
■ 실험 상황에 따른 종류 ············································································· 355
가. 실험실 실험 _ 355
나. 현장 실험 _ 356
다. 자연 실험 _ 358
■ 실험설계에 따른 종류 ················································································ 359
가. 진실험설계 _ 359
나. 유사실험설계 _ 360
다. 전실험설계 _ 361
■ 진실험설계의 실제 ······················································································· 361
가. 사전-사후검사 통제집단 설계 _ 361
나. 사후검사 통제집단 설계 _ 364
다. 솔로몬 4집단 설계 _ 366
■ 유사실험설계의 실제 ·················································································· 368
가. 비동등 통제집단 설계 _ 368
나. 단순 틈새 시계열 설계 _ 369
■ 전실험설계의 실제 ······················································································ 373
가. 단일 회기 단일 사례 연구 _373
나. 비노출집단 비교 _ 374
다. 단일집단 사전-사후검사 설계 _ 375



참고문헌 _377
찾아보기 _379

노성호 고려대학교 사회학과 졸업
고려대학교 대학원 사회학 박사
한국형사정책연구원 청소년범죄연구실장
現 전주대학교 사회과학대학 경찰학과 교수
[저서]
한국의 청소년비행화에 관한 연구(박사논문), 1993
청소년비행론 제5판(공저), 박영사, 2025
피해자학 제3판(공저), 그린, 2025
사회과학을 위한 통계와 분석: SPSS와 R을 중심으로
(공저), 그린, 2012