The Politics of International Trade
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이 책은 한국 학생들에게 영어로 국제 관계를 가르치기 위해 특별히 집필한 교재로서, 학생들이 이 학문의 중심인 이론, 원리, 역사적 사건, 행위자들을 배우도록 돕는 동시에 영어 이해력을 향상시키고 어휘를 확장시키는 것을 목표로 하고 있다. 특히 이 책은 주요 이론과 관련된 원리, 가정, 인과관계 논리와 이를 뒷받침하는 증거 등을 소개하였고, 분석 수준에 따라 분류된 이론적 설명들을 분야별로 분석하였으며, 또 다른 접근법으로 설명하기 위하여 역사적 사례를 활용하였다. 또한 추가적 내용으로 본문에 즉각적으로 영어쓰기 연습과 그에 대한 시험 지침, 읽기 쉽게 하기 위한 어휘 일치 연습, 그리고 책의 마지막에 있는 광범위한 영어-한국어 용어집을 수록함으로 검토 질문에 대한 내용을 보충하였다.
This textbook, specifically designed to teach International Relations in English to Korean students, fulfills two objectives: helping students to learn the theories, principles, historic events, and actors central to the discipline, while simultaneously aiming to improve English comprehension and expand vocabulary. The book introduces the principles, assumptions, causal logic and supporting evidence related to main theories, analyzes the field with theoretical explanations categorized according to level of analysis, and uses historical cases to test the explanatory power of these different approaches. The text is supplemented by review questions at the bottom of the page serving as prompts for English writing exercises and guides for exams, vocabulary-matching exercises to ease reading, and an extensive English-Korean glossary at the back of the book.
This textbook, specifically designed to teach International Relations in English to Korean students, fulfills two objectives: helping students to learn the theories, principles, historic events, and actors central to the discipline, while simultaneously aiming to improve English comprehension and expand vocabulary. The book introduces the principles, assumptions, causal logic and supporting evidence related to main theories, analyzes the field with theoretical explanations categorized according to level of analysis, and uses historical cases to test the explanatory power of these different approaches. The text is supplemented by review questions at the bottom of the page serving as prompts for English writing exercises and guides for exams, vocabulary-matching exercises to ease reading, and an extensive English-Korean glossary at the back of the book.
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Preface 4
I Introduction and Theory 12
1 Introduction: The Focus of the Book 14
1.1 The Traditional Approaches to Trade Policy: Liberal, Realist and Marxist 17
1.2 Levels of Analysis & Trade Policy: Society, State and the International System 20
2 Introduction to Theory 25
2.1 The Normative or 'Policy' Approach 25
2.2 The Positive or Analytical Perspective 27
3 Liberal Theory 30
3.1 The basic tenets of the liberal perspective 31
3.2 The Assumptions of Liberalism 33
3.3 The Liberal View of International Trade 34
3.4 The Liberal View of Development 35
3.5 Absolute Advantage vs. Comparative Advantage 38
3.6 Critiques of the Liberal Perspective 40
4 Realism 43
4.1 Two Strains of Realism 45
4.2 Basic Tenets of the Realist Perspective 46
4.3 Motives of the Actor in Realism 47
4.4 The Definition of Power 48
4.5 The Elements of Power: Power Capabilities and Power Resources 48
4.6 The Nature of International Relations According to Realism 49
4.7 Realism and Development 51
4.8 Realism and Game Theory 53
4.9 The Prisoner's Dilemma Game 54
5 Marxism / Structural Theory 59
5.1 The Basic Tenets of the Marxist Perspective 60
5.2 The Evolution of Marxism 61
5.3 Imperialism 63
5.4 Dependency Theorists 64
5.5 Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) 65
5.6 Critiques of Dependency Theory 68
5.7 World Systems Theory 69
5.8 Gramscian Theory 70
II Trade Policy 72
6 The Tools of Trade Policy 74
6.1 Tariffs 76
6.2 Import Quotas 78
6.3 V.R.A.s 79
6.4 Standards 80
6.5 Technological Standards 81
6.6 Export Subsidies 82
6.7 Agricultural Subsidies 83
7 Justifications for Trade Protection 84
7.1 Infant Industries 84
7.2 Defense 85
7.3 Jobs 86
7.4 Income Distribution 87
7.5 Strategic Trade 88
7.6 Technology and Knowledge Spillovers 91
7.7 Optimum Tariff Theory 93
III Theoretical Perspectives on Trade 94
8 Three I.R. Theoretical Approaches to Trade 96
8.1 The Liberal View on Trade 98
8.2 Marxist Opposition to Free Trade 99
8.3 Realist Argue Against Free Trade 101
9 Societal Theories of Trade 102
9.1 Group trade policy preferences 103
9.2 Collective Action 104
9.3 The Factors of Production Theory 105
9.31 The Stolper - Samuelson Theory 108
9.32 The Magnification Effect 109
9.33 The China-U.S. Trade Policy Example 111
9.34 Critiques of Hecksher - Ohlin Trade Theory: Intra-Industry Trade 115
9.4 The Reasons for Intra-Industry Trade 117
9.41 Consumer Taste 117
9.42 Economies of Scale 117
9.43 M.N.C. Networks 120
9.44 The Product Lifecycle 125
9.5 The Sectors Model of Trade Policy 126
9.51 General Problems with the Factors Model of Trade Policy 126
9.52 Criticism of the Assumption of Factor Mobility 127
9.53 When Factors are not Mobile 128
9.54 The Collective Action Problem 133
9.55 Non-Excludability 133
9.56 The Cost of Organizing 134
9.6 The Factors Model vs. The Sectors Model 138
10 Institutional Theories of Trade Policy 139
10.1 Representation 142
10.2 Electoral System Rules 142
10.3 Constituency Size The Effect of Large Electoral Districts 144
10.31 The Effect of Large Electoral Districts 146
10.4 The U.S. Shift from Protectionism to Free Trade 147
10.41 RTAA 149
10.42 Fast Track Policy Making Rules 151
10.43 The Bureaucratic Safety Valve 152
11 An International Theory of Trade Policy: Hegemonic Stability 155
11.1 Hegemony and Free Trade 159
11.2 The Hegemon's Free Trade Motives 160
11.3 Realist Hegemony Theory 161
11.4 Liberal Hegemony Theory 162
11.5 Measuring Hegemony 164
11.6 Hegemonic Stability Theory's View of World History 166
11.61 Great Britain's Hegemony 166
11.62 The Decline of British Hegemony 168
11.63 U.S. Hegemony 170
11.64 The Decline of U.S. Hegemony 171
11.7 Explaining the Hegemon's Decline 173
11.71 Kennedy's Imperial Overstretch 173
11.72 Olson's Rent Seeking Groups 174
11.73 Hegemony and Currency Overvaluation 179
11.8 Is the U.S. in Decline? 181
11.81 A Decline in Threats after the Cold War 183
12 Testing Different Theories through the Corn Laws 185
12.1 The Corn Laws 186
IV The Modern Trade System and Rise of Regionalism 192
13 GATT 195
13.1 The GATT Principle of Liberalization 199
13.2 The GATT Principle of Non-Discrimination 202
13.3 The GATT Principle of Reciprocity 204
13.4 The GATT Principle of Safeguards 206
13.5 The Era of New Protectionism 208
14 The WTO 212
14.1 The Establishment of the WTO 212
14.2 Comparing WTO and GATT 215
15 The Rise of Regional Trade Agreements 219
15.1 Stages of Regional Integration 220
15.2 The First Wave of Regional Integration 222
15.3 The Second Wave of Regional Integration 224
15.4 Theoretical Explanations for the Rise of Regionalism 226
15.41 The Liberal View 226
15.42 The Realist View 229
15.43 The Marxist View 234
16 Conclusion 236
16.1 The End of Globalization? 240
References 243
Glossary 259
I Introduction and Theory 12
1 Introduction: The Focus of the Book 14
1.1 The Traditional Approaches to Trade Policy: Liberal, Realist and Marxist 17
1.2 Levels of Analysis & Trade Policy: Society, State and the International System 20
2 Introduction to Theory 25
2.1 The Normative or 'Policy' Approach 25
2.2 The Positive or Analytical Perspective 27
3 Liberal Theory 30
3.1 The basic tenets of the liberal perspective 31
3.2 The Assumptions of Liberalism 33
3.3 The Liberal View of International Trade 34
3.4 The Liberal View of Development 35
3.5 Absolute Advantage vs. Comparative Advantage 38
3.6 Critiques of the Liberal Perspective 40
4 Realism 43
4.1 Two Strains of Realism 45
4.2 Basic Tenets of the Realist Perspective 46
4.3 Motives of the Actor in Realism 47
4.4 The Definition of Power 48
4.5 The Elements of Power: Power Capabilities and Power Resources 48
4.6 The Nature of International Relations According to Realism 49
4.7 Realism and Development 51
4.8 Realism and Game Theory 53
4.9 The Prisoner's Dilemma Game 54
5 Marxism / Structural Theory 59
5.1 The Basic Tenets of the Marxist Perspective 60
5.2 The Evolution of Marxism 61
5.3 Imperialism 63
5.4 Dependency Theorists 64
5.5 Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) 65
5.6 Critiques of Dependency Theory 68
5.7 World Systems Theory 69
5.8 Gramscian Theory 70
II Trade Policy 72
6 The Tools of Trade Policy 74
6.1 Tariffs 76
6.2 Import Quotas 78
6.3 V.R.A.s 79
6.4 Standards 80
6.5 Technological Standards 81
6.6 Export Subsidies 82
6.7 Agricultural Subsidies 83
7 Justifications for Trade Protection 84
7.1 Infant Industries 84
7.2 Defense 85
7.3 Jobs 86
7.4 Income Distribution 87
7.5 Strategic Trade 88
7.6 Technology and Knowledge Spillovers 91
7.7 Optimum Tariff Theory 93
III Theoretical Perspectives on Trade 94
8 Three I.R. Theoretical Approaches to Trade 96
8.1 The Liberal View on Trade 98
8.2 Marxist Opposition to Free Trade 99
8.3 Realist Argue Against Free Trade 101
9 Societal Theories of Trade 102
9.1 Group trade policy preferences 103
9.2 Collective Action 104
9.3 The Factors of Production Theory 105
9.31 The Stolper - Samuelson Theory 108
9.32 The Magnification Effect 109
9.33 The China-U.S. Trade Policy Example 111
9.34 Critiques of Hecksher - Ohlin Trade Theory: Intra-Industry Trade 115
9.4 The Reasons for Intra-Industry Trade 117
9.41 Consumer Taste 117
9.42 Economies of Scale 117
9.43 M.N.C. Networks 120
9.44 The Product Lifecycle 125
9.5 The Sectors Model of Trade Policy 126
9.51 General Problems with the Factors Model of Trade Policy 126
9.52 Criticism of the Assumption of Factor Mobility 127
9.53 When Factors are not Mobile 128
9.54 The Collective Action Problem 133
9.55 Non-Excludability 133
9.56 The Cost of Organizing 134
9.6 The Factors Model vs. The Sectors Model 138
10 Institutional Theories of Trade Policy 139
10.1 Representation 142
10.2 Electoral System Rules 142
10.3 Constituency Size The Effect of Large Electoral Districts 144
10.31 The Effect of Large Electoral Districts 146
10.4 The U.S. Shift from Protectionism to Free Trade 147
10.41 RTAA 149
10.42 Fast Track Policy Making Rules 151
10.43 The Bureaucratic Safety Valve 152
11 An International Theory of Trade Policy: Hegemonic Stability 155
11.1 Hegemony and Free Trade 159
11.2 The Hegemon's Free Trade Motives 160
11.3 Realist Hegemony Theory 161
11.4 Liberal Hegemony Theory 162
11.5 Measuring Hegemony 164
11.6 Hegemonic Stability Theory's View of World History 166
11.61 Great Britain's Hegemony 166
11.62 The Decline of British Hegemony 168
11.63 U.S. Hegemony 170
11.64 The Decline of U.S. Hegemony 171
11.7 Explaining the Hegemon's Decline 173
11.71 Kennedy's Imperial Overstretch 173
11.72 Olson's Rent Seeking Groups 174
11.73 Hegemony and Currency Overvaluation 179
11.8 Is the U.S. in Decline? 181
11.81 A Decline in Threats after the Cold War 183
12 Testing Different Theories through the Corn Laws 185
12.1 The Corn Laws 186
IV The Modern Trade System and Rise of Regionalism 192
13 GATT 195
13.1 The GATT Principle of Liberalization 199
13.2 The GATT Principle of Non-Discrimination 202
13.3 The GATT Principle of Reciprocity 204
13.4 The GATT Principle of Safeguards 206
13.5 The Era of New Protectionism 208
14 The WTO 212
14.1 The Establishment of the WTO 212
14.2 Comparing WTO and GATT 215
15 The Rise of Regional Trade Agreements 219
15.1 Stages of Regional Integration 220
15.2 The First Wave of Regional Integration 222
15.3 The Second Wave of Regional Integration 224
15.4 Theoretical Explanations for the Rise of Regionalism 226
15.41 The Liberal View 226
15.42 The Realist View 229
15.43 The Marxist View 234
16 Conclusion 236
16.1 The End of Globalization? 240
References 243
Glossary 259
저자
저자
James C. Schopf
James C. Schopf is Professor of Political Science at Keimyung University i n Daegu, K orea. He received a PhD i n Political Science from the University of California, San Diego and a BA from Oberlin College. His research primarily concerns the effects of democratization on corruption, and he specializes in Korean politics. He was among the first to use the newly passed Korean Freedom of Information Act to gather previously classified material for his doctoral dissertation. His articles have appeared in numerous journals including Asian Survey, the Journal of East Asian Studies, the Asian Journal of Social Science, Pacific Review, Korea Observer, Telecommunications Policy and the Journal of Comparative Asian Development.
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