최적설계
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『최적설계』는 최적설계를 처음 접하는 기계공학분야 대학원생들에게 기본이론과 함께 다양한 응용예제를 통해 최적설계의 적용 방법을 안내하고자 집필된 책이다. 치수 최적설계, 위상최적화, 공정 최적설계, 신뢰성 최적설계를 포함하는 구조 및 공정 최적설계를 다루었다. 화학반응이 동반되는 열유동 시스템인 연소로의 예제를 통해 격자생성, 계산조건설정, 수치계산, 후처리 전반을 포함하는 최적설계 적용 예를 설명하였다.
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Chapter 1 구조 및 공정 최적설계 ················································ 9
1.1 치수 최적설계 ··········································································································· 9
1.1.1 최적설계(Optimization Design)를 위한 정식화 ························································ 9
1.1.2 구조최적설계(Structural Optimization Design) 개요 ·············································· 13
1.1.3 유한요소법(FEM, Finite Element Method) ······························································ 16
1.1.4 구조 최적설계의 정식화 ···························································································· 30
1.1.5 치수최적설계 ·············································································································· 41
1.2 위상최적화의 이해 ·································································································· 43
1.2.1 위상최적화 이론 ········································································································· 43
1.2.2 위상최적화를 이용한 개념 설계 절차 ······································································ 45
1.2.3 다중 하중조건 ············································································································ 46
1.2.4 제조 조건 ··················································································································· 48
1.2.5 위상최적화 결과 분석 및 확인 ················································································· 49
1.2.6 위상최적화 해석 따라 하기 ······················································································ 49
1.3 공정 최적설계 ········································································································· 59
1.3.1 다구찌 실험계획 개념 ······························································································· 60
1.3.2 계량치 파라미터 설계 ······························································································· 65
1.3.3 다구찌 실험계획 실습 ······························································································· 66
1.4 신뢰성 최적설계 ····································································································· 75
1.4.1 와이블 분포(Weibull Distribution) ··········································································· 77
1.4.2 와이블 분석: 와이블 확률지 ····················································································· 80
1.4.3 와이블 확률지의 사용법 ···························································································· 81
1.4.4 와이블 확률지 실습 ································································································· 83
1.4.5 와이블 확률지 실습 Ⅱ ····························································································· 86
Chapter 2 유체 시스템 최적설계 ················································ 91
2.1 Cavitation을 고려한 배관 형상 최적화 ································································ 91
2.1.1 관 유동 해석 설정 ····································································································· 92
2.1.2 입력 변수 설정 ·········································································································· 93
2.1.3 출력 변수 설정 ·········································································································· 94
2.1.4 Design of Experiments 설정 ···················································································· 94
2.1.5 Response Surface 설정 ····························································································· 97
2.1.6 Objectives와 Constraints 설정 ·················································································· 99
2.1.7 Optimization 수행 ···································································································· 100
2.1.8 최종 디자인 검토 ····································································································· 102
2.2 최대 토출유량을 고려한 물펌프 블레이드 최적화 ············································ 104
2.2.1 관 유동 해석 설정 ··································································································· 105
2.2.2 입력 변수 설정 ········································································································ 105
2.2.3 출력 변수 설정 ········································································································ 106
2.2.4 Design of Experiments 설정 ·················································································· 107
2.2.5 Response Surface 설정 ··························································································· 109
2.2.6 Objectives와 Constraints 설정 ················································································ 111
2.2.7 Optimization 수행 ···································································································· 112
2.2.8 최종 디자인 검토 ····································································································· 113
2.3 치수 최적설계 ······································································································· 114
2.3.1 관 유동 해석 설정 ··································································································· 115
2.3.2 입력 변수 설정 ········································································································ 116
2.3.3 출력 변수 설정 ········································································································ 116
2.3.4 Design of Experiments 설정 ·················································································· 117
2.3.5 Response Surface 설정 ··························································································· 119
2.3.6 Objectives와 Constraints 설정 ················································································ 121
2.3.7 Optimization 수행 ···································································································· 123
2.3.8 최종 디자인 검토 ····································································································· 124
2.4 Shell & Tube 열교환기 baffle 형상 최적화 ···················································· 126
2.4.1 열교환기 유동 해석 설정 ························································································ 127
2.4.2 입력 변수 설정 ········································································································ 127
2.4.3 출력 변수 설정 ········································································································ 128
2.4.4 Design of Experiments 설정 ·················································································· 128
2.4.5 Response Surface 설정 ··························································································· 131
2.4.6 Objectives와 Constraints 설정 ················································································ 133
2.4.7 Optimization 수행 ···································································································· 135
2.4.8 최종 디자인 검토 ····································································································· 137
2.5 질량 유량을 고려한 노즐 형상 최적화 ······························································ 138
2.5.1 노즐 유동 해석 설정 ······························································································· 139
2.5.2 입력 변수 설정 ········································································································ 140
2.5.3 출력 변수 설정 ········································································································ 140
2.5.4 Design of Experiments 설정 ·················································································· 141
2.5.5 Response Surface 설정 ··························································································· 143
2.5.6 Objectives와 Constraints 설정 ················································································ 145
2.5.7 Optimization 수행 ···································································································· 146
2.5.8 최종 디자인 검토 ····································································································· 148
Chapter 3 열 시스템 최적설계 ················································· 149
3.1 난방, 환기 및 공기조화 시스템 ·········································································· 149
3.2 펌프-파이프 네트워크 ··························································································· 150
3.3 운송 수단 열 시스템 ···························································································· 151
3.4 응축기 ···················································································································· 151
3.4.1 분류 ··························································································································· 151
3.4.2 초기 제원 및 제약 조건 ························································································· 152
3.4.3 상세 제원 및 개념 ··································································································· 153
3.4.4 상세 설계 ················································································································· 153
3.5 난방용 전기히터 ··································································································· 160
3.5.1 초기 제원 ················································································································· 160
3.5.2 상세 제원 전개 ········································································································ 161
3.5.3 개념 전개 ················································································································· 161
3.5.4 상세 설계 ················································································································· 163
3.6 발전설비 일반사항 ································································································ 174
3.7 화력 발전 ·············································································································· 174
3.7.1 미분기 ······················································································································· 175
3.7.2 보일러 ······················································································································· 176
3.7.3 증기터빈 ··················································································································· 179
3.7.4 급수가열기 ················································································································ 185
3.8 원자력발전 ············································································································ 186
3.8.1 원자로 ······················································································································· 186
3.8.2 가압기 ······················································································································· 187
3.8.3 증기발생기 ················································································································ 189
3.8.4 MSR ··························································································································· 190
3.9 복합발전 ················································································································ 191
3.9.1 일반사항 ··················································································································· 191
3.9.2 가스터빈 ··················································································································· 195
3.9.3 가스터빈 ··················································································································· 196
3.9.4 증기터빈 ··················································································································· 197
3.10 응력을 고려한 압력용기 형상 최적화 ······························································ 198
3.10.1 압력 용기 해석 설정 ····························································································· 200
3.10.2 입력 변수 설정 ······································································································ 200
3.10.3 출력 변수 설정 ······································································································ 201
3.10.4 Design of Experiments 설정 ················································································ 202
3.10.5 Response Surface 설정 ························································································· 204
3.10.6 Objectives와 Constraints 설정 ·············································································· 206
3.10.7 Optimization 수행 ·································································································· 207
3.10.8 최종 디자인 검토 ··································································································· 209
Chapter 4 화학반응 시스템 최적설계 ······································ 211
4.1 원통형 메탄-공기 연소로 ····················································································· 211
4.1.1 격자 생성 ················································································································· 212
4.1.2 계산 조건 설정 ········································································································ 218
4.1.3 출력 변수 설정 ········································································································ 235
4.1.4 Design of Experiments 설정 ·················································································· 236
4.1.5 Response Surface 설정 ··························································································· 237
4.1.6 Optimization ············································································································· 239
4.1.7 Adiabatic Wall 조건에서의 Optimization ······························································ 241
4.2 3차원 단순형상 연소로 ························································································ 246
4.2.1 격자생성 ··················································································································· 246
4.2.2 계산 조건 설정 및 결과 ························································································· 251
4.2.3 Optimization ············································································································· 254
4.3 Circulating Fluidized Bed(CFB) 연소로 ··························································· 256
1.1 치수 최적설계 ··········································································································· 9
1.1.1 최적설계(Optimization Design)를 위한 정식화 ························································ 9
1.1.2 구조최적설계(Structural Optimization Design) 개요 ·············································· 13
1.1.3 유한요소법(FEM, Finite Element Method) ······························································ 16
1.1.4 구조 최적설계의 정식화 ···························································································· 30
1.1.5 치수최적설계 ·············································································································· 41
1.2 위상최적화의 이해 ·································································································· 43
1.2.1 위상최적화 이론 ········································································································· 43
1.2.2 위상최적화를 이용한 개념 설계 절차 ······································································ 45
1.2.3 다중 하중조건 ············································································································ 46
1.2.4 제조 조건 ··················································································································· 48
1.2.5 위상최적화 결과 분석 및 확인 ················································································· 49
1.2.6 위상최적화 해석 따라 하기 ······················································································ 49
1.3 공정 최적설계 ········································································································· 59
1.3.1 다구찌 실험계획 개념 ······························································································· 60
1.3.2 계량치 파라미터 설계 ······························································································· 65
1.3.3 다구찌 실험계획 실습 ······························································································· 66
1.4 신뢰성 최적설계 ····································································································· 75
1.4.1 와이블 분포(Weibull Distribution) ··········································································· 77
1.4.2 와이블 분석: 와이블 확률지 ····················································································· 80
1.4.3 와이블 확률지의 사용법 ···························································································· 81
1.4.4 와이블 확률지 실습 ································································································· 83
1.4.5 와이블 확률지 실습 Ⅱ ····························································································· 86
Chapter 2 유체 시스템 최적설계 ················································ 91
2.1 Cavitation을 고려한 배관 형상 최적화 ································································ 91
2.1.1 관 유동 해석 설정 ····································································································· 92
2.1.2 입력 변수 설정 ·········································································································· 93
2.1.3 출력 변수 설정 ·········································································································· 94
2.1.4 Design of Experiments 설정 ···················································································· 94
2.1.5 Response Surface 설정 ····························································································· 97
2.1.6 Objectives와 Constraints 설정 ·················································································· 99
2.1.7 Optimization 수행 ···································································································· 100
2.1.8 최종 디자인 검토 ····································································································· 102
2.2 최대 토출유량을 고려한 물펌프 블레이드 최적화 ············································ 104
2.2.1 관 유동 해석 설정 ··································································································· 105
2.2.2 입력 변수 설정 ········································································································ 105
2.2.3 출력 변수 설정 ········································································································ 106
2.2.4 Design of Experiments 설정 ·················································································· 107
2.2.5 Response Surface 설정 ··························································································· 109
2.2.6 Objectives와 Constraints 설정 ················································································ 111
2.2.7 Optimization 수행 ···································································································· 112
2.2.8 최종 디자인 검토 ····································································································· 113
2.3 치수 최적설계 ······································································································· 114
2.3.1 관 유동 해석 설정 ··································································································· 115
2.3.2 입력 변수 설정 ········································································································ 116
2.3.3 출력 변수 설정 ········································································································ 116
2.3.4 Design of Experiments 설정 ·················································································· 117
2.3.5 Response Surface 설정 ··························································································· 119
2.3.6 Objectives와 Constraints 설정 ················································································ 121
2.3.7 Optimization 수행 ···································································································· 123
2.3.8 최종 디자인 검토 ····································································································· 124
2.4 Shell & Tube 열교환기 baffle 형상 최적화 ···················································· 126
2.4.1 열교환기 유동 해석 설정 ························································································ 127
2.4.2 입력 변수 설정 ········································································································ 127
2.4.3 출력 변수 설정 ········································································································ 128
2.4.4 Design of Experiments 설정 ·················································································· 128
2.4.5 Response Surface 설정 ··························································································· 131
2.4.6 Objectives와 Constraints 설정 ················································································ 133
2.4.7 Optimization 수행 ···································································································· 135
2.4.8 최종 디자인 검토 ····································································································· 137
2.5 질량 유량을 고려한 노즐 형상 최적화 ······························································ 138
2.5.1 노즐 유동 해석 설정 ······························································································· 139
2.5.2 입력 변수 설정 ········································································································ 140
2.5.3 출력 변수 설정 ········································································································ 140
2.5.4 Design of Experiments 설정 ·················································································· 141
2.5.5 Response Surface 설정 ··························································································· 143
2.5.6 Objectives와 Constraints 설정 ················································································ 145
2.5.7 Optimization 수행 ···································································································· 146
2.5.8 최종 디자인 검토 ····································································································· 148
Chapter 3 열 시스템 최적설계 ················································· 149
3.1 난방, 환기 및 공기조화 시스템 ·········································································· 149
3.2 펌프-파이프 네트워크 ··························································································· 150
3.3 운송 수단 열 시스템 ···························································································· 151
3.4 응축기 ···················································································································· 151
3.4.1 분류 ··························································································································· 151
3.4.2 초기 제원 및 제약 조건 ························································································· 152
3.4.3 상세 제원 및 개념 ··································································································· 153
3.4.4 상세 설계 ················································································································· 153
3.5 난방용 전기히터 ··································································································· 160
3.5.1 초기 제원 ················································································································· 160
3.5.2 상세 제원 전개 ········································································································ 161
3.5.3 개념 전개 ················································································································· 161
3.5.4 상세 설계 ················································································································· 163
3.6 발전설비 일반사항 ································································································ 174
3.7 화력 발전 ·············································································································· 174
3.7.1 미분기 ······················································································································· 175
3.7.2 보일러 ······················································································································· 176
3.7.3 증기터빈 ··················································································································· 179
3.7.4 급수가열기 ················································································································ 185
3.8 원자력발전 ············································································································ 186
3.8.1 원자로 ······················································································································· 186
3.8.2 가압기 ······················································································································· 187
3.8.3 증기발생기 ················································································································ 189
3.8.4 MSR ··························································································································· 190
3.9 복합발전 ················································································································ 191
3.9.1 일반사항 ··················································································································· 191
3.9.2 가스터빈 ··················································································································· 195
3.9.3 가스터빈 ··················································································································· 196
3.9.4 증기터빈 ··················································································································· 197
3.10 응력을 고려한 압력용기 형상 최적화 ······························································ 198
3.10.1 압력 용기 해석 설정 ····························································································· 200
3.10.2 입력 변수 설정 ······································································································ 200
3.10.3 출력 변수 설정 ······································································································ 201
3.10.4 Design of Experiments 설정 ················································································ 202
3.10.5 Response Surface 설정 ························································································· 204
3.10.6 Objectives와 Constraints 설정 ·············································································· 206
3.10.7 Optimization 수행 ·································································································· 207
3.10.8 최종 디자인 검토 ··································································································· 209
Chapter 4 화학반응 시스템 최적설계 ······································ 211
4.1 원통형 메탄-공기 연소로 ····················································································· 211
4.1.1 격자 생성 ················································································································· 212
4.1.2 계산 조건 설정 ········································································································ 218
4.1.3 출력 변수 설정 ········································································································ 235
4.1.4 Design of Experiments 설정 ·················································································· 236
4.1.5 Response Surface 설정 ··························································································· 237
4.1.6 Optimization ············································································································· 239
4.1.7 Adiabatic Wall 조건에서의 Optimization ······························································ 241
4.2 3차원 단순형상 연소로 ························································································ 246
4.2.1 격자생성 ··················································································································· 246
4.2.2 계산 조건 설정 및 결과 ························································································· 251
4.2.3 Optimization ············································································································· 254
4.3 Circulating Fluidized Bed(CFB) 연소로 ··························································· 256
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