WHITE PAPER ON RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN NORTH KOREA
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I. Overview of the White Paper (p. 13)
Purpose and Necessity of Publishing the White Paper ············· 13
Methodology ······························································· 15
Subject and Content of the Research ································· 18
Expected Outcomes and Limitations ···································· 19
II. Defining Religious Freedom (p. 24)
Concept of Religious Freedom ·········································· 24
Subjects of Religious Freedom ·········································· 29
Types of Religious Freedom ············································· 30
Limitation and Restriction of Religious Freedom ····················· 34
III. The Present State of Religion in North Korea (p. 36)
The Meaning of Religion in North Korea ······························ 36
Changes in North Korea's Religious Policy by Period ·············· 47
Period of Restrictions on Religious Freedom : 1945-1948 ······· 49
Period of Religious Persecution : 1949-1953 ····················· 55
Period of Total Suppression of Religious Freedom : 1954-1971 · 60
Period of Utilizing Religious Organizations: 1972-1987 ········ 68
Period of Operation of Religious Facilities : 1988-1997 ········ 73
Period of Strengthened Persecution of Unofficial Religious Activities : 1998 to Present ····················································· 80
Current Status of Religions in North Korea ·························· 85
Outline of Religions in North Korea ······························· 85
Current Status of Each Religious Group ·························· 95
Current Status of Religious Exchange in North Korea ·············· 122
Inter-Korean Religious Exchanges ·································· 122
International Religious Exchanges ·································· 161
Experiences of Religious Practice in North Korea ··················· 167
Channels and Methods of Accessing Religion ···················· 167
Channels and Methods for Accessing and Obtaining Religious Materials ································································ 175
Religious Activities in Official Religious Facilities and Unofficial Religious Gatherings (Underground Churches) ······················· 181
IV. The Status of Religious Freedom and Persecution in North Korea (p. 190)
Level of Perception on Religious Freedom Among North Korean Residents ···································································· 191
Survey Overview ····················································· 191
Level of Perception on Religious Freedom ······················· 196
The Current State of Religious Persecution in North Korea ········ 224
Overview of Religious Persecution ································· 224
Information on Cases of Religious Persecution in North Korea · 232
Cases of Religious Persecution in North Korea ······················ 242
Persecution during the Investigation Process ··················· 243
Detention in Political Prison Camps ······························ 247
Detention in Prisons ················································· 252
Public and Secret Execution ········································ 254
Disappearance after Arrest ········································· 257
Identification of Religious Activities via Covert Informants ··· 261
Other Testimonies ··················································· 262
V. Conclusion (p. 264)
References (p. 270)
Purpose and Necessity of Publishing the White Paper ············· 13
Methodology ······························································· 15
Subject and Content of the Research ································· 18
Expected Outcomes and Limitations ···································· 19
II. Defining Religious Freedom (p. 24)
Concept of Religious Freedom ·········································· 24
Subjects of Religious Freedom ·········································· 29
Types of Religious Freedom ············································· 30
Limitation and Restriction of Religious Freedom ····················· 34
III. The Present State of Religion in North Korea (p. 36)
The Meaning of Religion in North Korea ······························ 36
Changes in North Korea's Religious Policy by Period ·············· 47
Period of Restrictions on Religious Freedom : 1945-1948 ······· 49
Period of Religious Persecution : 1949-1953 ····················· 55
Period of Total Suppression of Religious Freedom : 1954-1971 · 60
Period of Utilizing Religious Organizations: 1972-1987 ········ 68
Period of Operation of Religious Facilities : 1988-1997 ········ 73
Period of Strengthened Persecution of Unofficial Religious Activities : 1998 to Present ····················································· 80
Current Status of Religions in North Korea ·························· 85
Outline of Religions in North Korea ······························· 85
Current Status of Each Religious Group ·························· 95
Current Status of Religious Exchange in North Korea ·············· 122
Inter-Korean Religious Exchanges ·································· 122
International Religious Exchanges ·································· 161
Experiences of Religious Practice in North Korea ··················· 167
Channels and Methods of Accessing Religion ···················· 167
Channels and Methods for Accessing and Obtaining Religious Materials ································································ 175
Religious Activities in Official Religious Facilities and Unofficial Religious Gatherings (Underground Churches) ······················· 181
IV. The Status of Religious Freedom and Persecution in North Korea (p. 190)
Level of Perception on Religious Freedom Among North Korean Residents ···································································· 191
Survey Overview ····················································· 191
Level of Perception on Religious Freedom ······················· 196
The Current State of Religious Persecution in North Korea ········ 224
Overview of Religious Persecution ································· 224
Information on Cases of Religious Persecution in North Korea · 232
Cases of Religious Persecution in North Korea ······················ 242
Persecution during the Investigation Process ··················· 243
Detention in Political Prison Camps ······························ 247
Detention in Prisons ················································· 252
Public and Secret Execution ········································ 254
Disappearance after Arrest ········································· 257
Identification of Religious Activities via Covert Informants ··· 261
Other Testimonies ··················································· 262
V. Conclusion (p. 264)
References (p. 270)
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